Part B
Directions:
In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41~45,choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
In 2007,the standard recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP)to new parents worried about their child developing an allergy to peanuts,eggs or other common dietary allergens was to avoid those items like the plague until the child was two or three years old.41.It recommended that high-risk children be systematically fed“infant-safe”peanut products as early as four to six months of age to prevent this common and sometimes life-threatening allergy.
These are not casual changes.They match advice from a federal panel of experts and reflect the results of large randomized studies—with the inevitable cute acronyms.One called LEAP(Learning Early About Peanut Allergy),published in 2015,found that feeding peanut products to high-risk infants between four and 11 months old led to an 81 percent lower rate of peanut allergy at age five,compared with similar babies who were not given that early exposure.42.The results were strongest for peanuts,where the allergy rate fell to zero,compared with 2.5 percent in the control group.
Gideon Lack,a professor of pediatric allergy at King’s College London and senior author of both LEAP and EAT,proposed a leading theory about how these allergies develop and the role of eczema.43.In contrast,if a child’s first exposure is through food molecules that enter through eczema-damaged skin,those molecules can instigate an allergic response.Research with mice strongly supports this idea,whereas in humans the evidence is more circumstantial.
Lack points out that peanut allergy is more prevalent in countries where peanuts or peanut butter is popular and widespread in the environment,mustard seed allergy is common in mustard-loving France and buckwheat allergy occurs in soba-loving Japan.44.
A modern emphasis on hygiene may also contribute,Lack notes:“We bathe infants and shower young children all the time,very often once a day or more,which you could argue breaks down the skin barrier.”45.
Early dietary exposure is now the confirmed preventive strategy for peanuts and,pending more research,perhaps the other foods,although this is more easily said than done.
[A]Another trial,known as EAT(Enquiring About Tolerance),published in 2016,found that after parents carefully followed a protocol to begin feeding peanut protein,eggs and four other allergenic foods to healthy,breastfed infants between three and six months of age,the babies had a 67 percent lower prevalence of food allergies at age three than did a control group.
<B>“Parents are eating these foods,then touching or kissing their babies,”Lack suggests,“and the molecules penetrate through the skin.”
[C]Egg allergies also fell,but the AAP is waiting for more data on eggs,says Scott Sicherer,a professor of pediatrics,allergy and immunology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and an author of the April report.“We don’t want to tell people to do something where there isn’t really good evidence.”
[D]His theory—“dual allergen exposure hypothesis”—holds that we become tolerant to foods by introducing them orally to the gut immune system.
[E]In EAT,parents had to get their babies to swallow at least four grams per week of each of the allergenic edibles,and many found it to be challenging.
[F]Researchers are examining whether applying barrier creams such as CeraVe can help stave off food allergies.
[G]But in 2008 AAP dropped that guidance,after studies showed it did not help.And in its latest report,issued in April,the AAP completed the reversal—at least where peanuts are concerned.
【答案】GADBF
【解析】
較好步：讀首段，知主題：在如何預(yù)防嬰兒花生、雞蛋等制品過敏的問題上，官方改變了對家長的建議。
第二步：讀選項，找線索，圈畫出標(biāo)志詞：指示代詞;邏輯關(guān)系詞;時間、地點、數(shù)字。如下所示：
[A]Another trial,known as EAT(Enquiring About Tolerance),published in 2016,found that after parents carefully followed a protocol to begin feeding peanut protein,eggs and four other allergenic foods to healthy,breastfed infants between three and six months of age,the babies had a 67 percent lower prevalence of food allergies at age three than did a control group.
<B>“Parents are eating these foods,then touching or kissing their babies,”Lack suggests,“and the molecules penetrate through the skin.”
[C]Egg allergies also fell,but the AAP is waiting for more data on eggs,says Scott Sicherer,a professor of pediatrics,allergy and immunology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and an author of the April report.“We don’t want to tell people to do something where there isn’t really good evidence.”
[D]His theory—“dual allergen exposure hypothesis”—holds that we become tolerant to foods by introducing them orally to the gut immune system.
[E]In EAT,parents had to get their babies to swallow at least four grams per week of each of the allergenic edibles,and many found it to be challenging.
[F]Researchers are examining whether applying barrier creams such as CeraVe can help stave off food allergies.
[G]But in 2008 AAP dropped that guidance,after studies showed it did not help.And in its latest report,issued in April,the AAP completed the reversal—at least where peanuts are concerned.
第三步：回空格前后尋找標(biāo)志，標(biāo)注出詞如下。再利用選項中鮮明的標(biāo)志匹配答案。
In 2007,the standard recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP)to new parents worried about their child developing an allergy to peanuts,eggs or other common dietary allergens was to avoid those items like the plague until the child was two or three years old.41.It recommended that high-risk children be systematically fed“infant-safe”peanut products as early as four to six months of age to prevent this common and sometimes life-threatening allergy.
These are not casual changes.They match advice from a federal panel of experts and reflect the results of large randomized studies—with the inevitable cute acronyms.One called LEAP(Learning Early About Peanut Allergy),published in 2015,found that feeding peanut products to high-risk infants between four and 11 months old led to an 81 percent lower rate of peanut allergy at age five,compared with similar babies who were not given that early exposure.42.The results were strongest for peanuts,where the allergy rate fell to zero,compared with 2.5 percent in the control group.
Gideon Lack,a professor of pediatric allergy at King’s College London and senior author of both LEAP and EAT,proposed a leading theory about how these allergies develop and the role of eczema.43.In contrast,if a child’s first exposure is through food molecules that enter through eczema-damaged skin,those molecules can instigate an allergic response.Research with mice strongly supports this idea,whereas in humans the evidence is more circumstantial.
Lack points out that peanut allergy is more prevalent in countries where peanuts or peanut butter is popular and widespread in the environment,mustard seed allergy is common in mustard-loving France and buckwheat allergy occurs in soba-loving Japan.44.
A modern emphasis on hygiene may also contribute,Lack notes:“We bathe infants and shower young children all the time,very often once a day or more,which you could argue breaks down the skin barrier.”45.
Early dietary exposure is now the confirmed preventive strategy for peanuts and,pending more research,perhaps the other foods,although this is more easily said than done.
41題有明顯的時間標(biāo)志：In 2007，G項有同樣明顯的時間標(biāo)志：in 2008;且41題American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP)與G項AAP形成復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系。故41題答案為G項。
42題one與A項Another形成表示并列關(guān)系的固定搭配詞組;且42題空后The results暗示42題空中會提到某個實驗或研究，由此推測答案為A項。
43題Gideon Lack和a leading theory與D項His theory形成指代關(guān)系和原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，難度較小，答案為D項。
44題有三個相似句型，需注意，提到大量食物，與B項these food構(gòu)成指代關(guān)系，由此推測答案為B項。
45題無明顯詞，但是F項中的barrier creams與45題的skin barrier形成原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，推測答案為F項。
第四步：通讀全文，檢查一致性和連貫性。
【參考譯文】
2007年，對那些擔(dān)心自己的孩子對花生、雞蛋或其他常見飲食過敏物過敏的新父母來說，美國兒科學(xué)會(AAP)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建議是，在孩子兩三歲之前要像避瘟疫一樣躲避這些食物。41.但在2008年，AAP放棄了這一指導(dǎo)，因為研究表明它絲毫沒有起到作用。在其4月發(fā)布的較新報告中，AAP的指導(dǎo)發(fā)生了大反轉(zhuǎn)——至少在涉及花生的情況中是這樣的。該學(xué)會建議高危兒童應(yīng)早在4到6個月大時就系統(tǒng)食用“嬰兒安全”花生類產(chǎn)品，以防止這種常見的、有時危及生命的過敏反應(yīng)。
這些不是偶然的變化。這與來自聯(lián)邦小組的建議相符，并反映了大型隨機研究的結(jié)果。這些研究名稱的首字母縮略詞總是會很可愛。2015年發(fā)表的一項名為LEAP(早早了解花生過敏)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與早期沒有喂食過敏食物的高危嬰兒相比，給4到11個月大的高危嬰兒喂食花生產(chǎn)品會使其在5歲時花生過敏的機率降低81。42.2016年發(fā)布的另一項名為EAT(詢問耐受性)的試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，父母認真遵循，開始給3到6個月大的健康的、母乳喂養(yǎng)的嬰兒喂食花生蛋白、雞蛋和其他四種過敏性食物后，嬰兒在三歲時的食物過敏患病率比對照組降低了67?；ㄉM的試驗較明顯，花生過敏的幾率降至零，而對照組的過敏幾率為2.5。
Gideon Lack是倫敦國王兒科過敏學(xué)教授，也是LEAP和EAT兩項研究報告的較好作者。他提出了有關(guān)這些過敏反應(yīng)如何發(fā)展以及濕疹作用的理論。43.他的理論是“雙重過敏原接觸假說”，認為我們通過口服讓食物進入腸道免疫系統(tǒng)，從而能夠?qū)λ麄儺a(chǎn)生耐受性。相反，如果孩子較好次接觸的過敏食物是通過濕疹受損皮膚進入的食物分子，這些分子則會引起過敏反應(yīng)。通過對小白鼠的研究有力地證明了這一觀點，而在對人類的研究中這一證據(jù)更為間接。
Lack指出，花生過敏在一些花生或花生黃油很受歡迎并廣泛食用的更常見。芥末籽過敏在愛吃芥末的法國很常見，蕎麥過敏則發(fā)生在愛吃蕎麥面的日本。44.Lack表示：“父母吃這些食物，然后撫摸或親吻他們的嬰兒，這些食物分子就會滲透到皮膚中。”
現(xiàn)代人對衛(wèi)生的重視也可能有所影響，Lack指出：“我們一直為嬰兒和小孩洗澡，常?；蚨啻?，這可能會破壞皮膚屏障。”45.研究人員正在研究使用像CeraVe這樣的隔離霜是否可以幫助避免食物過敏。
如今，早期喂養(yǎng)過敏食物已被證實可以作為花生過敏的預(yù)防策略，但還需要更多研究來驗證也許其他食物也適用早期喂養(yǎng)預(yù)防過敏策略，盡管這說起來容易做起來難。
